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Steine House is the former residence of Maria Fitzherbert, mistress and wife of the Prince Regent, in the centre of Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. Designed in 1804 by William Porden, who was responsible for many buildings on the Prince's Royal Pavilion estate, it was used by Fitzherbert until her death 33 years later. Regular rebuilding has affected the appearance of the house since 1805, when it was damaged by a storm; more changes took place in 1884, when the YMCA bought it, and the building was "cruelly treated" by a refronting and extension in 1927. The YMCA continue to use the building, on Brighton's Old Steine next to Marlborough House, as a 65-person hostel. The extensive alterations have reduced its architectural importance, but the building has been listed at Grade II by English Heritage for its historical connections. ==History== The Prince Regent (later King George IV) was one of the earliest and most important regular visitors to Brighton in its early years as a resort. It was transformed from a small fishing village after about 1750 when sea-bathing and drinking seawater became fashionable and popular, on the advice of influential local doctor Richard Russell. The Prince's first visit to the town, in 1783 at the age of 21, lasted 11 days and attracted thousands of people eager to see both him and the sights which had attracted him. The following year, he stayed for ten weeks of the summer to take the water cure. He visited again in 1785—the same year as he met and fell in love with Maria Fitzherbert, a widowed Roman Catholic. They married (illegally, against the provisions of the Royal Marriages Act 1772) in December 1785, and she first visited Brighton the following year. At first, she stayed in a house whose site is believed to be near the present North Gate of the Royal Pavilion;〔 a terrace of nine houses, Marlborough Row, existed there until 1820, when all but one were demolished when the Royal Pavilion estate was redeveloped. (The surviving house, number 8, is now called North Gate House and stands alongside the North Gate.) Even when the Royal Pavilion, the Prince's Brighton residence, was completed in 1787, the couple never stayed in the same house together. Under pressure to undertake a legal marriage to produce an heir, they divorced in 1794 and the Prince married Caroline of Brunswick; but they soon separated, and in June 1800 Mrs Fitzherbert and the Prince were reunited.〔 The royal couple sought a site for a permanent home for Mrs Fitzherbert, and in 1804 she commissioned the Prince's favoured architect William Porden to design and build a house on the west side of Old Steine, next to Marlborough House, to replace a Mr Tuppen's lodging house. His design included a large colonnade across the front in an Egyptian style; this only lasted until the next year, when a storm destroyed it. He redesigned the façade in the Italianate style instead, with verandahs on both storeys.〔 Maria Fitzherbert lived at Steine House until her death on 27 March 1837, after which she was buried at St John the Baptist's Church, Brighton's oldest surviving Roman Catholic church.〔 Throughout her life in Brighton, she was treated extremely well by high society (statesman and writer John Wilson Croker remarked that "one reason why she may like this place is that she is treated as queen, at least of Brighton"),〔 and for the first few decades of the 19th century Steine House was the second most important house in Brighton after the Royal Pavilion.〔 Steine House passed through several private owners after 1837, and finally passed out of residential use in the early 1860s when William Forder, a judge, sold it. At this time, a blocked staircase was discovered leading down from the cellar; false rumours abounded that a secret tunnel had been built between the house and the Royal Pavilion, and that the staircase led to this tunnel. It is considered more likely that the stairs gave access to Brighton's sewer network. The building was converted into the Civil and United Services Club, a social club, which required major internal renovations;〔 these were completed in 1864. In 1884, the building was bought by the YMCA.〔〔 In 1927, they carried out a major reconstruction: the building was used as a hostel for vulnerable men, and more bedrooms were added;〔 the exterior was rebuilt, removing the verandahs and balconies; and all remaining internal features except a staircase and a possibly original first-floor chapel were removed or altered.〔 An Earl of Barrymore once rode a horse up the cast-iron staircase, built to imitate bamboo, to win a bet.〔〔 Steine House survived an attempt in 1964 to demolish it and replace it with offices, shops and a showroom. It is still owned by the YMCA, and functions as a 65-capacity short-term hostel.〔 In July 2009, the building was badly damaged by fire, and its residents had to be temporarily rehoused; it was soon restored. Steine House was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 13 October 1952.〔 This status is given to "nationally important buildings of special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove. The listing has been granted on the basis of the building's historical worth rather than its architectural quality, reflecting the negative effects of the frequent alterations.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Steine House」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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